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Mongolian script

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original Mongolian writing system. For later developments, see <a href="Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian writing systems</a>. For the language, see <a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Mongolian script <div style="font-weight:normal"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">

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.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}

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</style><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><div class="infobox-caption" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Poem composed and brush-written by <a href="Vanchinbalyn_Injinash" title="Vanchinbalyn Injinash">Injinash</a>, 19th century</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Creator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tata-tonga" title="Tata-tonga">Tata-tonga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1204–1941 (common use)</li><li>1941–present (common use in <a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>; chiefly ceremonial use in <a href="Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Vertical up-to-down, left-to-right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sinaitic alphabet">Proto-Sinaitic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Mongolian script</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data">

<ul><li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dagur_language#Writing_system" title="Dagur language">Dagur alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Xibe_language#Writing_system" title="Xibe language">Xibe alphabet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Clear Script</a> (Oirat alphabet)</li>

<li><a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra script</a> (Buryat alphabet)</li>

<li><a href="Evenki_language#China" title="Evenki language">Evenki alphabet</a></li></ul>

</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style>Mong (145), Mongolian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mongolian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1800.pdf">U+1800–U+18AF</a> Mongolian</li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11660.pdf">U+11660–U+1167F</a> Mong. Supplement</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>

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The traditional Mongolian script,<a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a> also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig,<a href="#cite_note-2">[note 2]</a> was the first <a href="Mongolian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabet">writing system</a> created specifically for the <a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a>, and was the most widespread until the introduction of <a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> in 1946. It is traditionally written in vertical lines from top to bottom, flowing in lines from left to right <a href="Writing_System" title="Writing System"></a>. Derived from the <a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a>, it is a true <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. It has been adapted for such languages as <a href="Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a> and <a href="Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script continue to be used in <a href="Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> and <a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> to write Mongolian, <a href="Xibe_language" title="Xibe language">Xibe</a> and, experimentally, <a href="Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a>.

<a href="Computer_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer operating system">Computer operating systems</a> have been slow to adopt support for the Mongolian script; almost all have incomplete support or other text rendering difficulties.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The Mongolian vertical script developed as an adaptation of the <a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a> for the Mongolian language.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-4">[2]</a>: 545 <a href="Tata-tonga" title="Tata-tonga">Tata-tonga</a>, a 13th-century <a href="Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a> scribe captured by <a href="Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, was responsible for bringing the Old Uyghur alphabet to the <a href="Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a> and adapting it to the form of the Mongolian script.<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a>

From the seventh and eighth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Mongolian language separated into southern, eastern and western dialects. The principal documents from the period of the <a href="Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongol language</a> are: in the eastern dialect, the famous text <a href="The_Secret_History_of_the_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="The Secret History of the Mongols">The Secret History of the Mongols</a>, monuments in the <a href="'Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script">Square script</a>, materials of the <a href="Huayiyiyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Huayiyiyu">Chinese–Mongolian glossary of the fourteenth century</a> and materials of the Mongolian language of the middle period in Chinese transcription, etc.; in the western dialect, materials of the Arab–Mongolian and Persian–Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian texts in Arabic transcription, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 1–2 The main features of the period are that the vowels ï and i had lost their phonemic significance, creating the i <a href="Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> (in the <a href="Chakhar_Mongolian" title="Chakhar Mongolian">Chakhar dialect</a>, the Standard Mongolian in <a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>, these vowels are still distinct); inter-vocal consonants ɣ/g, b/w had disappeared and the preliminary process of the formation of Mongolian long vowels had begun; the initial h was preserved in many words; grammatical categories were partially absent, etc. The development over this period explains why the Mongolian script looks like a vertical Arabic script (in particular the presence of the dot system).<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 1–2

Eventually, minor concessions were made to the differences between the <a href="Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Uyghur</a> and Mongol languages: In the 17th and 18th centuries, smoother and more angular versions of the letter <a href="Tsade" title="Tsade">tsadi</a> became associated with /<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a>/ and /<a href="Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a>/ respectively, and in the 19th century, the <a href="Manchu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu script">Manchu</a> hooked <a href="Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a> was adopted for initial /<a href="Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/. <a href="Zayin" title="Zayin">Zain</a> was dropped as it was redundant for /<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/. Various schools of orthography, some using <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>, were developed to avoid ambiguity.<a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-4">[2]</a>: 545

Words are <a href="Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">written vertically</a> from top to bottom, flowing in lines from left to right. The Old Uyghur script and its descendants, of which traditional Mongolian is one among <a href="Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat Clear</a>, <a href="Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>, and <a href="Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a> are the only known vertical scripts written from left to right. This developed because the Uyghurs rotated their <a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a>-derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counterclockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters.<a href="#cite_note-Kara2-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 36

The <a href="Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">reed pen</a> was the writing instrument of choice until the 18th century, when the <a href="Ink_brush" title="Ink brush">brush</a> took its place under Chinese influence.<a href="#cite_note-Shepherd2013-8">[6]</a>: 422 Pens were also historically made of wood, <a href="Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, bone, <a href="Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, or iron. Ink used was black or <a href="Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> red, and written with on <a href="Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">birch bark</a>, paper, cloths made of <a href="Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> or cotton, and wooden or <a href="Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> plates.<a href="#cite_note-Berkwitz2009-9">[7]</a>: 80–81

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<div class="gallerytext">Ink brushes</div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Writing_implements" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing implements">Writing implements</a> of the <a href="Bogd_Khan" title="Bogd Khan">Bogd Khan</a></div>

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</ul>

Mongols learned their script as a <a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>, dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on the final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a>

The script remained in continuous use by Mongolian speakers in <a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> in the <a href="People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>. In the <a href="Mongolian_People's_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>, it was largely replaced by the <a href="Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet</a>, although the vertical script remained in limited use. In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to increase the use of the traditional Mongolian script and to use both Cyrillic and Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> However, due to the particularity of the traditional Mongolian script, a large part (40%<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a>) of the <a href="Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicized</a> <a href="Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">Mongols in China</a> are unable to read or write this script, and in many cases the script is only used symbolically on plaques in many cities.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div>

The script is known by a wide variety of names. As it was derived from the <a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur alphabet</a>, the Mongol script is known as the Uighur(-)Mongol script.<a href="#cite_note-17">[note 3]</a> From 1941 onwards, it became known as the Old Script,<a href="#cite_note-18">[note 4]</a> in contrast to the New Script,<a href="#cite_note-19">[note 5]</a> referring to Cyrillic. The Mongolian script is also known as the Hudum or 'not exact' script,<a href="#cite_note-20">[note 6]</a> in comparison with the <a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Todo</a> 'clear, exact' script,<a href="#cite_note-21">[note 7]</a> and also as 'vertical script'.<a href="#cite_note-22">[note 8]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[15]</a>: 308 <a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 30–32, 38–39 <a href="#cite_note-Sanders2010-24">[16]</a>: 640 <a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2012-25">[17]</a>: 7 <a href="#cite_note-Bawden2013-26">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders2015-27">[19]</a>: 206 <a href="#cite_note-28">[20]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-MnToli-29">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div>

The traditional or classical <a href="Mongolian_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian alphabet">Mongolian alphabet</a>, sometimes called Hudum 'traditional' in <a href="Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a> in contrast to the <a href="Clear_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear script">Clear script</a> (Todo 'exact'), is the original form of the Mongolian script used to write the <a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a>. It does not distinguish several vowels (o/u, ö/ü, final a/e) and consonants (syllable-initial t/d and k/g, sometimes ǰ/y) that were not required for <a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Uyghur</a>, which was the source of the Mongol (or Uyghur-Mongol) script.<a href="#cite_note-Kara2-7">[5]</a> The result is somewhat comparable to the situation of <a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a>, which must represent ten or more vowels with only five letters and uses the <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> th for two distinct sounds. Ambiguity is sometimes prevented by context, as the requirements of <a href="Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a> and syllable sequence usually indicate the correct sound. Moreover, as there are few words with an exactly identical spelling, actual ambiguities are rare for a reader who knows the orthography.

Letters have different forms depending on their position in a word: initial, medial, or final. In some cases, additional graphic variants are selected for visual harmony with the subsequent character.

The rules for writing below apply specifically for the Mongolian language, unless stated otherwise.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowel_harmony">Vowel harmony</h3></div>

<a href="Mongolian_language#Vowels" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian vowel harmony</a> separates the vowels of words into three groups – two mutually exclusive and one neutral:

<ul><li>The back, male, masculine,<a href="#cite_note-Manchu-30">[22]</a> hard, or <a href="Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yang</a><a href="#cite_note-Yinyang-31">[23]</a> vowels a, o, and u.</li>

<li>The front, female, feminine,<a href="#cite_note-Manchu-30">[22]</a> soft, or <a href="Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">yin</a><a href="#cite_note-Yinyang-31">[23]</a> vowels e, ö, and ü.</li>

<li>The neutral vowel i, able to appear in all words.</li></ul>

Any Mongolian word can contain the neutral vowel i, but only vowels from either of the other two groups. The vowel qualities of visually separated vowels and suffixes must likewise harmonize with those of the preceding word stem. Such suffixes are written with front or neutral vowels when preceded by a word stem containing only neutral vowels. Any of these rules might not apply for foreign words however.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 11, 35, 39 <a href="#cite_note-Grønbech1993-32">[24]</a>: 10 <a href="#cite_note-Bilig2011-33">[25]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-CJVLang2013-34">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separated_final_vowels">Separated final vowels</h3></div>

A separated final form of vowels a or e (<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> ‑a/‑e) is common, and can appear at the end of a <a href="Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stem</a>, or <a href="Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a>. This form requires a final-shaped preceding letter, and an word-internal gap in between. This gap can be transliterated with a hyphen.<a href="#cite_note-35">[note 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 30, 77 <a href="#cite_note-Svantesson2005-36">[27]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 38–39 <a href="#cite_note-Bilig2011-33">[25]</a>: 27 <a href="#cite_note-UCCoreSpec-37">[28]</a>: 534–535

The presence or lack of a separated a or e can also indicate differences in meaning between different words (compare <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> qar‑a 'black' with <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qara 'to look').<a href="#cite_note-EKIMn2015-38">[29]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-UCCoreSpec-37">[28]</a>: 535

It has the same shape as the traditional dative-locative suffix ‑a/‑e exemplified in the next section. This form of the suffix is, however, more commonly found in older texts, and is restricted in its Post-<a href="Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Classical</a> use.<a href="#cite_note-Grønbech1993-32">[24]</a>: 15 <a href="#cite_note-LinguaMnGrammar-39">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 46

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separated_suffixes">Separated suffixes</h3></div>

All <a href="Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> <a href="Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a>, as well as any plural suffixes consisting of one or two syllables, are likewise separated by a preceding and hyphen-transliterated gap.<a href="#cite_note-40">[note 10]</a> A maximum of two case suffixes can be added to a stem.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 30, 73 <a href="#cite_note-Grønbech1993-32">[24]</a>: 12 <a href="#cite_note-LinguaMnGrammar-39">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suffixes-41">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bilig2011-33">[25]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-UCCoreSpec-37">[28]</a>: 534

Such single-letter vowel suffixes appear with the final-shaped forms of a/e, i, or u/ü,<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 30 as in <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> ɣaǰar‑a 'to the country' and <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠡ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> edür‑e 'on the day',<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 39 or <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> ulus‑i 'the state' etc.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 23 Multi-letter suffixes most often start with an initial- (consonants), medial- (vowels), or variant-shaped form. Medial-shaped u in the two-letter suffix <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠤᠨ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> ‑un/‑ün is exemplified in the adjacent newspaper logo.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-UCCoreSpec-37">[28]</a>: 27

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_clusters">Consonant clusters</h3></div>

Two medial consonants are the most that can come together in original Mongolian words. There are however, a few loanwords that can begin or end with two or more.<a href="#cite_note-43">[note 11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compound_names">Compound names</h3></div>

In the modern language, <a href="Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">proper names</a> can usually join two words into graphic compounds (such as those of <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠠᠰᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ Qas'erdeni 'Jasper-jewel' or <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Kökeqota – the city of <a href="Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a>; as opposed to other compound words). This also allows components of different harmonic classes to be joined together, and vowels of an added suffix will harmonize with those of the latter part of the compound. Orthographic peculiarities are most often retained, as with the short and long teeth of an initial-shaped ⟨<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠥ‍→<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠊ᠥ᠌‍⟩ ö in <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮᠤᠤ‍‍ᠥ᠌‍‍ᠬᠢᠨ Muu'ökin 'Bad Girl' (<a href="Mongolian_name#Taboo_names" title="Mongolian name">protective name</a>). Medial t and d, in contrast, are not affected in this way.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 92 <a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 44 <a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2012-25">[17]</a>: 88

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolate_citation_forms">Isolate citation forms</h3></div>

Isolate citation forms for syllables containing o, u, ö, and ü may in dictionaries appear without a final tail as in ⟨<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠣ⟩ bo/bu or ⟨<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮᠣ᠋⟩ mo/mu, and with a vertical tail as in ⟨<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠥ᠋⟩ bö/bü or ⟨<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮᠥ᠋⟩ mö/mü (as well as in transcriptions of Chinese syllables).<a href="#cite_note-CJVLang2013-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 39

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Letters">Letters</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sort_orders">Sort orders</h3></div>

Only in a late form can a definite order of signs be established for the alphabet, but can likely be traced back to an earlier Uyghur model.<a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 31

<caption>Example orders<a href="#cite_note-45">[note 12]</a>

</caption>

<th><a href="South_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="South Mongolia">South (inner) Mongolian</a> order<a href="#cite_note-Luvsandorj2008-46">[34]</a>: 53

</th>

<td rowspan="3">(h)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>1986 <a href="Primer_(textbook)" title="Primer (textbook)">primer</a>, <a href="Mongolian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Republic">Mongolian Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders2015-27">[19]</a>: 212–214

</th>

<td rowspan="2">v

</td>

<td>(p)

</td>

<td>(z)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th>Dictionaries after 1924, Mongolian Republic<a href="#cite_note-Luvsandorj2008-46">[34]</a>: 53

</th>

<td>(f)

</td>

<td>(p)

</td>

<td>(ž)

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_Mongolian">Native Mongolian</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Mongolian_script_multigraphs" title="Mongolian script multigraphs">Mongolian script multigraphs</a></div>

<caption>Native Mongolian

</caption>

<th rowspan="2">Letters <a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 17, 18 <a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-4">[2]</a>: 546

</th>

<th colspan="3">Contextual forms

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a><a href="#cite_note-transl-48">[note 13]</a>

</th>

<th colspan="2"><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Initial

</th>

<th>Medial

</th>

<th>Final

</th>

<th><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Mong. Cyrillic</a><a href="#cite_note-Skorodumova2000-49">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-EKIMn2006-47">[35]</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Mongolian_language#Phonology" title="Mongolian language">Khalkha</a><a href="#cite_note-Svantesson2005-36">[27]</a>: 40–42

</th>

<th><a href="Chakhar_Mongolian#Phonology" title="Chakhar Mongolian">Chakhar</a><a href="#cite_note-CJVLang2013-34">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-StudyMn2013-50">[37]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠠ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠠ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠠ

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠠ᠋

</td>

<td>a

</td>

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</style><a href="A_(Cyrillic)" title="A (Cyrillic)">а</a>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠡ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠡ

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠡ᠋

</td>

<td>e

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠢ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠢ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠢ

</td>

<td>i

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ or /<a href="Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠣ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠣ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠣ

</td>

<td>o

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠤ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠤ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠤ

</td>

<td>u

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠥ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠥ᠋‍

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠥ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠥ

</td>

<td>ö

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠦ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠦ᠋‍

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠦ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠦ

</td>

<td>ü

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠨ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ‍

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ᠋‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠨ᠎

</td>

<td>n

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠩ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠩ

</td>

<td>ng

</td>

<td>нг

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠪ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠪ

</td>

<td>b

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ and /<a href="Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠫ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠫ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>p

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠬ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠬ

</td>

<td>q

k

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠭ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠭ‍

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠭ᠋‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠭ

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠭ᠎

</td>

<td>ɣ

g

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠮ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠮ

</td>

<td>m

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠯ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠯ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠯ

</td>

<td>l

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠰ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠰ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠰ

</td>

<td>s

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ or /<a href="Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ before i

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠱ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠱ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠱ

</td>

<td>š

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠲ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠲ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>t

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠳ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠳ‍

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠳ᠋‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠳ

</td>

<td>d

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ and /<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠴ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠴ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>č

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a>/ and /<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a>/

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠵ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠵ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>ǰ

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠶ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠶ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠶ

</td>

<td>y

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠷ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠷ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠷ

</td>

<td>r

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="2">/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galik_characters">Galik characters</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></div>

In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh created the Galik alphabet (Али-гали Ali-gali), inspired by the third <a href="Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a>. It primarily added extra characters for transcribing <a href="Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan</a> and <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> terms when translating religious texts, and later also from <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (as listed below).<a href="#cite_note-51">[38]</a>

In 1917, the politician and linguist <a href="Bayant%C3%B6m%C3%B6riin_Khaisan" title="Bayantömöriin Khaisan">Bayantömöriin Khaisan</a> published the <a href="Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">rime dictionary</a> Mongolian-Han Bilingual Original Sounds of the Five Regions,<a href="#cite_note-52">[a]</a> a bilingual edition of the earlier Original Sounds of the Five Regions,<a href="#cite_note-53">[b]</a> to aid Mongolian speakers in learning Mandarin Chinese. To that end, he included transliterations of Mandarin using the Mongolian script, and repurposed three Galik letters to represent the Mandarin <a href="Retroflex_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex consonants">retroflex consonants</a>. These letters remain in use in <a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> for the purpose of transcribing Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-54">[39]</a>

<caption>Galik characters

</caption>

<th rowspan="2">Letters<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 17–18 <a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-4">[2]</a>: 546

</th>

<th colspan="3">Contextual forms

</th>

<th colspan="4"><a href="Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a><a href="#cite_note-transl-48">[note 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 27–28

</th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Initial

</th>

<th>Medial

</th>

<th>Final

</th>

<th><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Mong. Cyrillic</a><a href="#cite_note-Skorodumova2000-49">[36]</a>: 44–49 <a href="#cite_note-EKIMn2006-47">[35]</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>

</th>

<th><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a><a href="#cite_note-BabelStone-55">[40]</a>: 63–69, 189–194, 243–255

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th>

<th>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠧ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠧ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠧ

</td>

<td>ē/é

</td>

</td>

</td>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","DDC Uchen","DDC Jogyig","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>ཨེ</big>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠸ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠸ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠸ

</td>

<td>w/v

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠹ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠹ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠹ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠹ

</td>

<td>f

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠺ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠺ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠺ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠺ

</td>

<td>g/k

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠻ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠻ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠻ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠻ

</td>

<td>k/kh

</td>

<td>к

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠼ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠼ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠼ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠼ

</td>

<td>c

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠽ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠽ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠽ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠽ

</td>

<td>z

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠾ

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠾ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠾ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠾ

</td>

<td>h

</td>

<td>х

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠿ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>ž

</td>

<td>ж

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡀ‍

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᡀ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>lh

</td>

<td>лх

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡁ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>zh

</td>

<td>з

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">d͡ʐ</a>/

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡂ‍

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>—

</td>

<td>ch

</td>

<td>ч

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<td>/<a href="Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">t͡ʂ</a>/

</td></tr></tbody></table>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: 《蒙汉合璧五方元音》; <a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: 《蒙漢合璧五方元音》

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: 《五方元音》

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Punctuation_and_numerals">Punctuation and numerals</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Mongolian_Supplement_(Unicode_block)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Supplement (Unicode block)">Mongolian Supplement (Unicode block)</a></div>

</div>

Abbreviation exemplified with the initial syllable of the <a href="Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Mongolian tögrög</a> (<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠲᠥ‍᠂)

</div>

When written between words, punctuation marks use space on both sides of them. They can also appear at the very end of a line, regardless of where the preceding word ends.<a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 99 Red (cinnabar) ink is used in many manuscripts, to either symbolize emphasis or respect.<a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 241 Modern punctuation incorporates Western marks: parentheses; quotation, question, and exclamation marks; including precomposed <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%81%88" class="extiw external" title="wikt:⁈">⁈</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E2%81%89" class="extiw external" title="wikt:⁉">⁉</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCCoreSpec-37">[28]</a>: 535–536

<caption>Punctuation<a href="#cite_note-Lessing1960-42">[32]</a>: 106, 168, 203, 1046 <a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 28 <a href="#cite_note-Shagdarsueren2001-63">[43]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 99 <a href="#cite_note-EKIMn2006-47">[35]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-UCCoreSpec-37">[28]</a>: 535–536 <a href="#cite_note-MnToli-29">[21]</a>

</caption>

<th>Form(s)

</th>

<th>Name

</th>

<th style="text-align:left;">Function(s)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠀

</td>

<td rowspan="5">Birga<a href="#cite_note-64">[note 19]</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="5">Marks start of a book, chapter, passage, or first line

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠀᠋

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠀᠌

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠀᠍

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;">[...]

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠂

</td>

</td>

<td>Comma

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠃

</td>

<td>'Double-dot'<a href="#cite_note-66">[note 21]</a>

</td>

<td>Period / full stop

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠅

</td>

</td>

<td>Marks end of a passage, paragraph, or chapter

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠁

</td>

<td>'Dotted line'<a href="#cite_note-68">[note 23]</a>

</td>

<td>Ellipsis

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠄

</td>

<td>'Parallel dots'<a href="#cite_note-69">[note 24]</a>

'Pair of dots'<a href="#cite_note-70">[note 25]</a>

</td>

<td>Colon

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠆

</td>

<td rowspan="2">'Spine, backbone'<a href="#cite_note-71">[note 26]</a>

</td>

<td>Mongolian <a href="Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">soft hyphen</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A0%86" class="extiw external" title="wikt:᠆">wikt:᠆</a>)

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align:center;"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠊

</td>

<td>Mongolian <a href="Hyphen#Non-breaking_hyphens" title="Hyphen">non-breaking hyphen</a>, or stem extender (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%A0%8A" class="extiw external" title="wikt:᠊">wikt:᠊</a>)

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerals">Numerals</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Mongolian_numerals" title="Mongolian numerals">Mongolian numerals</a></div>

</caption>

<th>

</th>

<th>Text

</th>

<th>Image

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>15 on 'year of 15' on a 1925 tögrög coin, with the number written across the baseline.<a href="#cite_note-72">[44]</a>

</td>

<td>᠑᠕ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠣᠨ

</td>

</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>89 (top) written vertically on a hillside, with the number written along the baseline.

</td>

<td>᠘ ᠙

</td>

</div>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Printed numeral 3, written along the baseline and rotated 90 degrees clockwise.

</td>

<td><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠁‍ᠤᠢ ᠓ ᠬᠡ‍᠁

</td>

</div>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<th style="width: 20px;">9

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>᠙

</td></tr></tbody></table>

Mongolian numerals are either written from left to right, or from top to bottom.<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 54 <a href="#cite_note-Skorodumova2000-49">[36]</a>: 9 For typographical reasons, they are rotated 90° in modern books to fit on the line.<a href="#cite_note-Grønbech1993-32">[24]</a>: 56

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components_and_writing_styles">Components and writing styles</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3></div>

Listed in the table below are letter components (<a href="Graphemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphemes">graphemes</a>)<a href="#cite_note-73">[note 27]</a> commonly used across the script. Some of these are used with several letters, and others to contrast between them. As their forms and usage may differ between <a href="#Writing_styles">writing styles</a>, however, examples of these can be found under this section below.

<caption>Common components <a href="#cite_note-Lessing1960-42">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-4">[2]</a>: 539–540, 545–546 <a href="#cite_note-Skorodumova2000-49">[36]</a>: 4–5 <a href="#cite_note-Shagdarsueren2001-63">[43]</a>: 29–30, 205 <a href="#cite_note-Sanders2003-75">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clauson2005-76">[47]</a>: 111, 115 <a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 82–83, 86, 108–112 <a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 35–36 <a href="#cite_note-Luvsandorj2008-46">[34]</a>: 45 <a href="#cite_note-LinguaMnScript2011-77">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[49]</a>: 20 <a href="#cite_note-Sanders2015-27">[19]</a>: 211–212 <a href="#cite_note-Bolorsoft2018-79">[50]</a>: 10–11 <a href="#cite_note-80">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-MnToli-29">[21]</a>

</caption>

<th>Form

</th>

<th>Name(s)

</th>

<th>Use

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠊ᠡ‍

</td>

<td>'Tooth'<a href="#cite_note-82">[note 28]</a>

</td>

<td>A main part of letters <a href="A_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="A (Mongolic)">a</a>/<a href="E_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="E (Mongolic)">e</a> (from Old Uyghur <a href="Aleph" title="Aleph">aleph</a>), <a href="Na_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Na (Mongolic)">n</a> (<a href="Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nun</a>, also part of the <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> <a href="Ang_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ang (Mongolic)">ng</a>), <a href="Qa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Qa (Mongolic)">q</a>/<a href="Ga_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ga (Mongolic)">ɣ</a> (<a href="Gimel" title="Gimel">gimel</a>-<a href="Heth" title="Heth">heth</a>), <a href="Ma_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ma (Mongolic)">m</a> (<a href="Mem" title="Mem">mem</a>), <a href="La_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="La (Mongolic)">l</a> (hooked <a href="Resh" title="Resh">resh</a>), initial <a href="Ta_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ta (Mongolic)">t</a>/<a href="Da_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Da (Mongolic)">d</a> (<a href="Taw" title="Taw">taw</a>), etc. <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Writing_styles">Historically also</a> part of <a href="Qa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Qa (Mongolic)">k</a>/<a href="Ga_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ga (Mongolic)">g</a> (<a href="Kaph" title="Kaph">kaph</a>), as well as <a href="Ra_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ra (Mongolic)">r</a> (resh).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡ‍

</td>

<td>'Crown'<a href="#cite_note-83">[note 29]</a>

</td>

<td>An exaggerated initial (<a href="Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">swash</a>) tooth. Used for the leading aleph of initial vowels (a, e, <a href="I_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="I (Mongolic)">i</a>, <a href="O_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="O (Mongolic)">o</a>, <a href="U_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="U (Mongolic)">u</a>, <a href="Oe_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Oe (Mongolic)">ö</a>, <a href="Ue_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ue (Mongolic)">ü</a>, <a href="E_(Mongolic)#Ee" title="E (Mongolic)">ē</a>), and with some initial consonants (n, m, l, h = nun, mem, hooked resh, ha etc.). Historically unused.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠊᠊

</td>

<td>'Spine, backbone'<a href="#cite_note-84">[note 30]</a>

</td>

<td>The vertical line running through words.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠠ

</td>

</td>

<td>The swash final of a/e, n, d, etc.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠰ᠋

</td>

<td>'Short tail'<a href="#cite_note-86">[note 32]</a>

</td>

<td>The swash final of q/ɣ, m, and <a href="Sa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Sa (Mongolic)">s</a> (<a href="Samekh" title="Samekh">samekh</a>-<a href="Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">shin</a> or <a href="Zayin" title="Zayin">zayin</a>).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> ⟨⟩

</td>

<td>Crook<a href="#cite_note-87">[note 33]</a>

</td>

<td>The separated final a/e.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Crook, 'Sprinkling, dusting'<a href="#cite_note-88">[note 34]</a>

</td>

<td>The connected lower part of final a/e; the lower part of final g (kaph).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᡳ᠌

</td>

</td>

<td>The final part of final i (after bow-shaped b, k/g) and some galik letters.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="3" style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠵ‍

</td>

<td>'Shin, stick'<a href="#cite_note-90">[note 36]</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="3">A main part of i, <a href="Ja_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ja (Mongolic)">ǰ</a>, and <a href="Ya_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ya (Mongolic)">y</a>, and final part of initial ö/ü (<a href="Yodh" title="Yodh">yodh</a>). Also the upper part of final g (kaph).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>'Straight shin'<a href="#cite_note-91">[note 37]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>'Long tooth'<a href="#cite_note-92">[note 38]</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠶ‍

</td>

<td>'Shin with upturn'<a href="#cite_note-93">[note 39]</a>

</td>

<td>Initial and medial y (yodh).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠸ‍

</td>

<td>Shin with downturn<a href="#cite_note-94">[note 40]</a>

</td>

<td>The letters ē and <a href="Wa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Wa (Mongolic)">w</a> (<a href="Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bet</a>).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠷ‍

</td>

<td>Horned shin<a href="#cite_note-95">[note 41]</a>

</td>

<td>The letter r (resh). Historically also the upper part of final g and separated a/e.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠳ᠋‍

</td>

<td>'Looped shin'<a href="#cite_note-96">[note 42]</a>

</td>

<td>A medial t/d (<a href="Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lamedh</a>). Historically with its enclosed (<a href="Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">counter</a>) endpoint varying in shape: as open/closed, hook-shaped, pointy/round etc.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡁ‍

</td>

<td>'Hollow shin'<a href="#cite_note-97">[note 43]</a>

</td>

<td>The letters h and <a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">zh</a> (from the Tibetan script).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠢ

</td>

</td>

<td>Final i, o/u/ö/ü, and r; ng, <a href="Ba_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Ba (Mongolic)">b</a>/<a href="Pa_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Pa (Mongolic)">p</a> (<a href="Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pe</a>), k/g, etc.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠣ‍

</td>

<td>'Belly, stomach,' loop, contour<a href="#cite_note-99">[note 45]</a>

</td>

<td>The counter of o/u/ö/ü (<a href="Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw</a>), b, p, initial t/d, etc.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠲ‍

</td>

</td>

<td>An initial t/d (taw).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬ

</td>

</td>

<td>An initial q/ɣ (gimel-heth).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠮ‍

</td>

<td rowspan="2">'Braid, pigtail'<a href="#cite_note-102">[note 48]</a> and 'Horn'<a href="#cite_note-103">[note 49]</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">The letters m (mem) and l (hooked resh).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠯ‍

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠰ‍

</td>

<td>'Corner of the mouth'<a href="#cite_note-104">[note 50]</a>

</td>

<td>The letters s/š (samekh-shin).

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠴ‍

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">The letter <a href="Cha_(Mongolic)#Mongolian_language" title="Cha (Mongolic)">č</a> (angular <a href="Tsade" title="Tsade">tsade</a>).

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠵ‍

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">The letter ǰ (smooth tsade).

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍᠊ᠹ‍

</td>

<td rowspan="3">Flaglet, tuft<a href="#cite_note-109">[note 55]</a>

</td>

<td rowspan="2">The left-side <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> of <a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">f</a>, <a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">z</a>, etc. These names are only used for such components created for words of foreign origin.

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="text-align: center"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠽ‍

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_styles">Writing styles</h3></div>

As exemplified in this section, the shapes of glyphs may vary widely between different styles of writing and choice of medium with which to produce them. The development of written Mongolian can be divided into the three periods of pre-classical (beginning – 17th century), classical (16/17th century – 20th century), and modern (20th century onward):<a href="#cite_note-Lessing1960-42">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 2–3, 17, 23, 25–26 <a href="#cite_note-Grønbech1993-32">[24]</a>: 58–59 <a href="#cite_note-Daniels1996-4">[2]</a>: 539–540, 545–546 <a href="#cite_note-Skorodumova2000-49">[36]</a>: 62–63 <a href="#cite_note-Clauson2005-76">[47]</a>: 111, 113–114 <a href="#cite_note-Svantesson2005-36">[27]</a>: 40–42, 100–101, 117 <a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 34–37 <a href="#cite_note-110">[53]</a>: 8–11 <a href="#cite_note-Sanders2015-27">[19]</a>: 211–215

</div>

<a href="Cursive" title="Cursive">Cursive</a> sample in (pre-classical) Middle Mongol: Uridu maqam‑un qaǰiun medekü

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rounded_letterforms">Rounded letterforms</h4></div>

<ul><li>Rounded letterforms tend to be more prevalent with handwritten styles (compare printed and handwritten arban 'ten').</li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">1604 Pen-written form<a href="#cite_note-111">[note 56]</a>

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Modern brush‑written form

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>1312 Uyghur Mong. form<a href="#cite_note-114">[note 57]</a>

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms<a href="#cite_note-115">[note 58]</a>

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">arban 'ten'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li>Final letterforms with a right-pointing tail (such as those of a, e, n, q, ɣ, m, l, s, š, and d) may have the notch preceding it in printed form, written in a span between two extremes: from as a more or less tapered point, to a fully rounded curve in handwriting.</li>

<li>The long final tails of a, e, n, and d in the texts of pre-classical Mongolian can become elongated vertically to fill up the remainder of a line. Such tails are used consistently for these letters in the earliest 13th to 15th century Uyghur Mongolian style of texts.</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:81px;max-width:81px"><div class="thumbimage"></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of lengthened letterforms d and n in ‑daɣan (left), and their regular equivalents (right)</div></div></div></div>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Pen-written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Modern brush‑written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. forms

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">‑ača/‑eče

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">‑un/‑ün

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">‑ud/‑üd

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>ba 'and'

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li>A hooked form of yodh was borrowed from the <a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu alphabet</a> in the 19th century to distinguish initial y from ǰ. The handwritten form of final-shaped yodh (i, ǰ, y), can be greatly shortened in comparison with its initial and medial forms.</li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Pen-written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Modern brush‑written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. forms

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">‑i

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>‑yi

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">‑yin

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">sain/sayin 'good'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>yeke 'great'

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h4></div>

<ul><li>The definite status or function of diacritics was not established prior to classical Mongolian. As such, the dotted letters n, ɣ, and š, can be found sporadically dotted or altogether lacking them. Additionally, both q and ɣ could be (double-)dotted to identify them regardless of their sound values. Final dotted n is also found in modern Mongolian words. Any diacritical dots of ɣ and n can be offset downward from their respective letters (as in <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ɣool and <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> gün‑i).</li></ul>

<ul><li>When a bow-shaped consonant is followed by a vowel in Uyghur style text, said bow can be found to notably overlap it (see bi). A final b has, in its final pre-modern form, a bow-less final form as opposed to the common modern one:<a href="#cite_note-Janhunen2006-3">[1]</a>: 39 </li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Pen-written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Modern brush‑written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. forms

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>‑u/‑ü

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">bi 'I'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>ab (intensifying particle)

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gimel-heth_and_kaph">Gimel-heth and kaph</h4></div>

<ul><li>As in kü, köke, ǰüg and separated a/e, two teeth can also make up the top-left part of a kaph (k/g) or aleph (a/e) in pre-classical texts. In back-vocalic words of Uyghur Mongolian, qi was used in place of ki, and can therefore be used to identify this stage of the written language. An example of this appears in the suffix ‑taqi/‑daqi.<a href="#cite_note-Svantesson2005-36">[27]</a>: 100, 117 </li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Pen-written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Modern brush‑written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. forms

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="4">‑a/‑e

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>‑luɣ‑a

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>[...]

</td>

<th>kü (emphatic particle)

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th>köke 'blue'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>köge 'soot'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>ǰüg 'direction'

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h4></div>

<ul><li>In pre-modern Mongolian, medial ml (<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠮᠯ‍) forms a ligature: .</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_tail">Short tail</h4></div>

<ul><li>A pre-modern variant form for final s appears in the shape of a short final n ⟨<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠰ᠋⟩, derived from Old Uyghur <a href="Zayin" title="Zayin">zayin</a> (𐽴). It tended to be replaced by the mouth-shaped form and is no longer used. An early example of it is found in the name of <a href="Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Gengis Khan</a> on the Stele of Yisüngge: <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ᠋ Činggis. A zayin-shaped final can also appear as part of final m and ɣ.</li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Pen-written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. forms

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">es(‑)e 'not, no', (negation)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">ulus 'nation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>nom 'book'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">čaɣ 'time'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taw_and_lamedh">Taw and lamedh</h4></div>

<ul><li>Initial taw (t/d) can, akin to final mem (m), be found written quite explicitly loopy (as in nom 'book' and toli 'mirror'). The lamedh (t or d) may appear simply as an oval loop or looped shin, or as more angular, with an either closed or open <a href="Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">counter</a> (as in ‑daki/‑deki or ‑dur/‑dür). As in metü, a Uyghur style word-medial t can sometimes be written with the pre-consonantal form otherwise used for d. Taw was applied to both initial t and d from the outset of the script's adoption. This was done in imitation of Old Uyghur which, however, had lacked the phoneme d in this position.</li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Pen-written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Modern brush‑written forms

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. forms

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>[...]

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>toli 'mirror'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>[...]

</td>

<th>‑daki/‑deki

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>[...]

</td>

<th>‑tur/‑tür

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>‑dur/‑dür

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>[...]

</td>

<th>metü 'as'

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tsade">Tsade</h4></div>

<ul><li>Following the late classical Mongolian orthography of the 17th and 18th centuries, a smooth and angular tsade (<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠵ‍ and <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠴ) has come to represent ǰ and č respectively. The tsade before this was used for both these phonemes, regardless of graphical variants, as no ǰ had existed in Old Uyghur:</li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. form

</th>

<th>semi-modern form

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>čečeg 'flower'

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<th>Block-printed semi-modern form

</th>

<th>Pen-written form

</th>

<th>Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<th>qačar/ɣaǰar 'cheek/place'

</th></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li>As in sara and ‑dur/‑dür, a resh (of r, and sometimes of l) can appear as two teeth or crossed shins; adjacent, angled, attached to a shin and/or overlapping.</li></ul>

<th colspan="2">Block‑printed

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Pen-written form

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Modern brush‑written form

</th>

<th rowspan="2">Transliteration(s) & 'translation'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th>Uyghur Mong. form

</th>

<th>semi-modern forms

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<th rowspan="2">sar(‑)a 'moon/month'

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>

<caption>Wikipedia slogan

</caption>

<th>Manuscript

</th>

<th>Type

</th>

<th>Unicode

</th>

<th>Transliteration (first word)

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

</td>

<td rowspan="5" valign="top"><span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠸᠢᠺᠢᠫᠧᠳᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃

</td>

<td><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠸᠢ‍ wi/vi

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠺᠢ‍ gi/ki

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠫᠧ‍ pē/pé

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠳᠢ‍ di

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠶ᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> y‑a or <span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 2em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">‍ᠶᠠ ya

</td></tr>

<tr>

<ul><li>Transliteration: Wikipēdiya čilügetü nebterkei toli bičig bolai.</li>

<li>Cyrillic: Википедиа чөлөөт нэвтэрхий толь бичиг болой.</li>

<li>Transcription: Vikipedia chölööt nevterkhii toli bichig boloi.</li>

<li>Translation: Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia.</li></ul>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">Decorative 'wrapped/folded' letters on a 2023 passport.<a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 159 <a href="#cite_note-Shepherd2013-8">[6]</a>: 160 </div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Mongolian_calligraphy" title="Mongolian calligraphy">Mongolian calligraphy</a> of the 13th century work Оюун Түлхүүр (Key of Intelligence)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Imperial seal of the <a href="Bogd_Khan" title="Bogd Khan">Bogd Khan</a>, ca 1911.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Mixed Manchu–Mongolian text on a <a href="Paiza" title="Paiza">Paiza</a>.</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Brush-written Čoyijod Dagini manuscript, 19th century</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Book of Jeremiah</a>, printed 1840 at Khodon in Siberia.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div>

The Mongolian script was added to the <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. However, several design issues have been pointed out.<a href="#cite_note-118">[57]</a>

<ul><li>The 1999 Mongolian script Unicode codes are duplicated and not searchable.</li>

<li>The 1999 Mongolian script Unicode model has multiple layers of FVS (free variation selectors), MVS, ZWJ, NNBSP, and those variation selections conflict with each other, which create incorrect results.<a href="#cite_note-119">[58]</a> Furthermore, different vendors understood the definition of each FVS differently, and developed multiple applications in different standards.<a href="#cite_note-120">[59]</a></li>

<li>The characters themselves are typed left to right, instead of the correct up to down.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blocks">Blocks</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Mongolian_(Unicode_block)" title="Mongolian (Unicode block)">Mongolian (Unicode block)</a> and <a href="Mongolian_Supplement" title="Mongolian Supplement">Mongolian Supplement (Unicode block)</a></div>

The Unicode block for Mongolian is U+1800–U+18AF. It includes letters, digits and various punctuation marks for <a href="Hudum_Mongolian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudum Mongolian">Hudum Mongolian</a>, <a href="Clear_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Clear script">Todo Mongolian</a>, <a href="Xibe_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Xibe script">Xibe (Manchu)</a>, <a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu proper</a>, and <a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Ali Gali</a>, as well as extensions for transcribing <a href="Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>.

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="Mongolian_(Unicode_block)" title="Mongolian (Unicode block)">Mongolian</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><a href="#endnote_U1800_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><a href="#endnote_U1800_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1800.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)

</td></tr>

<td style="width:20pt">F

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+180x

</td>

<td title="U+1800: MONGOLIAN BIRGA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠀

</td>

<td title="U+1801: MONGOLIAN ELLIPSIS"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠁

</td>

<td title="U+1802: MONGOLIAN COMMA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠂

</td>

<td title="U+1803: MONGOLIAN FULL STOP"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠃

</td>

<td title="U+1804: MONGOLIAN COLON"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠄

</td>

<td title="U+1805: MONGOLIAN FOUR DOTS"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠅

</td>

<td title="U+1806: MONGOLIAN TODO SOFT HYPHEN"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠆

</td>

<td title="U+1807: MONGOLIAN SIBE SYLLABLE BOUNDARY MARKER"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠇

</td>

<td title="U+1808: MONGOLIAN MANCHU COMMA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠈

</td>

<td title="U+1809: MONGOLIAN MANCHU FULL STOP"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠉

</td>

<td title="U+180A: MONGOLIAN NIRUGU"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠊

</td>

<td title="U+180B: MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR ONE (alias FVS1)" style="font-size:75%;line-height:1">FVS 1

</td>

<td title="U+180C: MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR TWO (alias FVS2)" style="font-size:75%;line-height:1">FVS 2

</td>

<td title="U+180D: MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR THREE (alias FVS3)" style="font-size:75%;line-height:1">FVS 3

</td>

<td title="U+180E: MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR (alias MVS)" style="font-size:75%">MVS

</td>

<td title="U+180F: MONGOLIAN FREE VARIATION SELECTOR FOUR (alias FVS4)" style="font-size:75%;line-height:1">FVS 4

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+181x

</td>

<td title="U+1810: MONGOLIAN DIGIT ZERO"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠐

</td>

<td title="U+1811: MONGOLIAN DIGIT ONE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠑

</td>

<td title="U+1812: MONGOLIAN DIGIT TWO"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠒

</td>

<td title="U+1813: MONGOLIAN DIGIT THREE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠓

</td>

<td title="U+1814: MONGOLIAN DIGIT FOUR"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠔

</td>

<td title="U+1815: MONGOLIAN DIGIT FIVE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠕

</td>

<td title="U+1816: MONGOLIAN DIGIT SIX"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠖

</td>

<td title="U+1817: MONGOLIAN DIGIT SEVEN"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠗

</td>

<td title="U+1818: MONGOLIAN DIGIT EIGHT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠘

</td>

<td title="U+1819: MONGOLIAN DIGIT NINE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠙

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+182x

</td>

<td title="U+1820: MONGOLIAN LETTER A"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠠ

</td>

<td title="U+1821: MONGOLIAN LETTER E"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠡ

</td>

<td title="U+1822: MONGOLIAN LETTER I"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠢ

</td>

<td title="U+1823: MONGOLIAN LETTER O"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠣ

</td>

<td title="U+1824: MONGOLIAN LETTER U"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠤ

</td>

<td title="U+1825: MONGOLIAN LETTER OE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠥ

</td>

<td title="U+1826: MONGOLIAN LETTER UE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠦ

</td>

<td title="U+1827: MONGOLIAN LETTER EE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠧ

</td>

<td title="U+1828: MONGOLIAN LETTER NA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠨ

</td>

<td title="U+1829: MONGOLIAN LETTER ANG"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠩ

</td>

<td title="U+182A: MONGOLIAN LETTER BA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠪ

</td>

<td title="U+182B: MONGOLIAN LETTER PA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠫ

</td>

<td title="U+182C: MONGOLIAN LETTER QA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠬ

</td>

<td title="U+182D: MONGOLIAN LETTER GA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠭ

</td>

<td title="U+182E: MONGOLIAN LETTER MA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠮ

</td>

<td title="U+182F: MONGOLIAN LETTER LA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠯ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+183x

</td>

<td title="U+1830: MONGOLIAN LETTER SA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠰ

</td>

<td title="U+1831: MONGOLIAN LETTER SHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠱ

</td>

<td title="U+1832: MONGOLIAN LETTER TA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠲ

</td>

<td title="U+1833: MONGOLIAN LETTER DA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠳ

</td>

<td title="U+1834: MONGOLIAN LETTER CHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠴ

</td>

<td title="U+1835: MONGOLIAN LETTER JA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠵ

</td>

<td title="U+1836: MONGOLIAN LETTER YA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠶ

</td>

<td title="U+1837: MONGOLIAN LETTER RA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠷ

</td>

<td title="U+1838: MONGOLIAN LETTER WA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠸ

</td>

<td title="U+1839: MONGOLIAN LETTER FA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠹ

</td>

<td title="U+183A: MONGOLIAN LETTER KA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠺ

</td>

<td title="U+183B: MONGOLIAN LETTER KHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠻ

</td>

<td title="U+183C: MONGOLIAN LETTER TSA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠼ

</td>

<td title="U+183D: MONGOLIAN LETTER ZA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠽ

</td>

<td title="U+183E: MONGOLIAN LETTER HAA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠾ

</td>

<td title="U+183F: MONGOLIAN LETTER ZRA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᠿ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+184x

</td>

<td title="U+1840: MONGOLIAN LETTER LHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡀ

</td>

<td title="U+1841: MONGOLIAN LETTER ZHI"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡁ

</td>

<td title="U+1842: MONGOLIAN LETTER CHI"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡂ

</td>

<td title="U+1843: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO LONG VOWEL SIGN"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡃ

</td>

<td title="U+1844: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO E"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡄ

</td>

<td title="U+1845: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO I"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡅ

</td>

<td title="U+1846: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO O"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡆ

</td>

<td title="U+1847: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO U"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡇ

</td>

<td title="U+1848: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO OE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡈ

</td>

<td title="U+1849: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO UE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡉ

</td>

<td title="U+184A: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ANG"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡊ

</td>

<td title="U+184B: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO BA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡋ

</td>

<td title="U+184C: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO PA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡌ

</td>

<td title="U+184D: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO QA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡍ

</td>

<td title="U+184E: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡎ

</td>

<td title="U+184F: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO MA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡏ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+185x

</td>

<td title="U+1850: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡐ

</td>

<td title="U+1851: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡑ

</td>

<td title="U+1852: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO CHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡒ

</td>

<td title="U+1853: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡓ

</td>

<td title="U+1854: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO TSA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡔ

</td>

<td title="U+1855: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO YA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡕ

</td>

<td title="U+1856: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO WA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡖ

</td>

<td title="U+1857: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO KA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡗ

</td>

<td title="U+1858: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO GAA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡘ

</td>

<td title="U+1859: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO HAA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡙ

</td>

<td title="U+185A: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO JIA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡚ

</td>

<td title="U+185B: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO NIA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡛ

</td>

<td title="U+185C: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO DZA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡜ

</td>

<td title="U+185D: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE E"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡝ

</td>

<td title="U+185E: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE I"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡞ

</td>

<td title="U+185F: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE IY"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡟ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+186x

</td>

<td title="U+1860: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE UE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡠ

</td>

<td title="U+1861: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE U"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡡ

</td>

<td title="U+1862: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ANG"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡢ

</td>

<td title="U+1863: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE KA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡣ

</td>

<td title="U+1864: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡤ

</td>

<td title="U+1865: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡥ

</td>

<td title="U+1866: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE PA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡦ

</td>

<td title="U+1867: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE SHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡧ

</td>

<td title="U+1868: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡨ

</td>

<td title="U+1869: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE DA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡩ

</td>

<td title="U+186A: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE JA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡪ

</td>

<td title="U+186B: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE FA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡫ

</td>

<td title="U+186C: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE GAA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡬ

</td>

<td title="U+186D: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE HAA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡭ

</td>

<td title="U+186E: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE TSA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡮ

</td>

<td title="U+186F: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡯ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+187x

</td>

<td title="U+1870: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE RAA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡰ

</td>

<td title="U+1871: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE CHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡱ

</td>

<td title="U+1872: MONGOLIAN LETTER SIBE ZHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡲ

</td>

<td title="U+1873: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU I"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡳ

</td>

<td title="U+1874: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU KA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡴ

</td>

<td title="U+1875: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU RA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡵ

</td>

<td title="U+1876: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU FA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡶ

</td>

<td title="U+1877: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ZHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡷ

</td>

<td title="U+1878: MONGOLIAN LETTER CHA WITH TWO DOTS"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᡸ

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+188x

</td>

<td title="U+1880: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ANUSVARA ONE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢀ

</td>

<td title="U+1881: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI VISARGA ONE"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢁ

</td>

<td title="U+1882: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAMARU"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢂ

</td>

<td title="U+1883: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI UBADAMA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢃ

</td>

<td title="U+1884: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI INVERTED UBADAMA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢄ

</td>

<td title="U+1885: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI BALUDA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢅ

</td>

<td title="U+1886: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI THREE BALUDA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢆ

</td>

<td title="U+1887: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI A"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢇ

</td>

<td title="U+1888: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI I"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢈ

</td>

<td title="U+1889: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI KA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢉ

</td>

<td title="U+188A: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NGA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢊ

</td>

<td title="U+188B: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI CA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢋ

</td>

<td title="U+188C: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢌ

</td>

<td title="U+188D: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TTHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢍ

</td>

<td title="U+188E: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DDA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢎ

</td>

<td title="U+188F: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI NNA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢏ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+189x

</td>

<td title="U+1890: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI TA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢐ

</td>

<td title="U+1891: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢑ

</td>

<td title="U+1892: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢒ

</td>

<td title="U+1893: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI PHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢓ

</td>

<td title="U+1894: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI SSA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢔ

</td>

<td title="U+1895: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢕ

</td>

<td title="U+1896: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI ZA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢖ

</td>

<td title="U+1897: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI AH"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢗ

</td>

<td title="U+1898: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI TA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢘ

</td>

<td title="U+1899: MONGOLIAN LETTER TODO ALI GALI ZHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢙ

</td>

<td title="U+189A: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI GHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢚ

</td>

<td title="U+189B: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI NGA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢛ

</td>

<td title="U+189C: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢜ

</td>

<td title="U+189D: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI JHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢝ

</td>

<td title="U+189E: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TTA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢞ

</td>

<td title="U+189F: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DDHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢟ

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+18Ax

</td>

<td title="U+18A0: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI TA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢠ

</td>

<td title="U+18A1: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI DHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢡ

</td>

<td title="U+18A2: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI SSA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢢ

</td>

<td title="U+18A3: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI CYA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢣ

</td>

<td title="U+18A4: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢤ

</td>

<td title="U+18A5: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI ZA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢥ

</td>

<td title="U+18A6: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF U"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢦ

</td>

<td title="U+18A7: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI HALF YA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢧ

</td>

<td title="U+18A8: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI BHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢨ

</td>

<td title="U+18A9: MONGOLIAN LETTER ALI GALI DAGALGA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢩ

</td>

<td title="U+18AA: MONGOLIAN LETTER MANCHU ALI GALI LHA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> ᢪ

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes

<dl><dd>1.<a href="#ref_U1800_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd>

<dd>2.<a href="#ref_U1800_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The Mongolian Supplement block (U+11660–U+1167F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2016 with the release of version 9.0:

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="Mongolian_Supplement" title="Mongolian Supplement">Mongolian Supplement</a><a href="#endnote_U11660_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><a href="#endnote_U11660_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11660.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF)

</td></tr>

<td style="width:20pt">F

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1166x

</td>

<td title="U+11660: MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙠

</td>

<td title="U+11661: MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙡

</td>

<td title="U+11662: MONGOLIAN DOUBLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙢

</td>

<td title="U+11663: MONGOLIAN TRIPLE BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙣

</td>

<td title="U+11664: MONGOLIAN BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙤

</td>

<td title="U+11665: MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙥

</td>

<td title="U+11666: MONGOLIAN ROTATED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙦

</td>

<td title="U+11667: MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙧

</td>

<td title="U+11668: MONGOLIAN INVERTED BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙨

</td>

<td title="U+11669: MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙩

</td>

<td title="U+1166A: MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙪

</td>

<td title="U+1166B: MONGOLIAN SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙫

</td>

<td title="U+1166C: MONGOLIAN TURNED SWIRL BIRGA WITH DOUBLE ORNAMENT"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;"> 𑙬

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1167x

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes

<dl><dd>1.<a href="#ref_U11660_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd>

<dd>2.<a href="#ref_U11660_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keyboard_layout">Keyboard layout</h2></div>

The Windows Mongolian traditional script <a href="Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layout</a> for personal computers is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-121">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unshifted_layout">Unshifted layout</h3></div>

</caption>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">1

᠑

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">2

᠒

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">3

᠓

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">4

᠔

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">5

᠕

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">6

᠖

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">7

᠗

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">8

᠘

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">9

᠙

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">0

᠐

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em"><a href="Non-breaking_space#Width_variation" title="Non-breaking space">NNBSP</a>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">=

</td>

<td colspan="4">Backspace

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4">Tab

</td>

<td colspan="3">Q

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠴ č

</td>

<td colspan="3">W

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠣ o

</td>

<td colspan="3">E

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠡ e

</td>

<td colspan="3">R

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠷ r

</td>

<td colspan="3">T

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠲ t

</td>

<td colspan="3">Y

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠶ y

</td>

<td colspan="3">U

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠦ ü

</td>

<td colspan="3">I

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠢ i

</td>

<td colspan="3">O

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠥ ö

</td>

<td colspan="3">P

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠫ p

</td>

<td colspan="3">(...)

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">〔

</td>

<td colspan="3">(...)

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">〕

</td>

<td colspan="3">(...)

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠁

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="5">Caps

</td>

<td colspan="3">A

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠠ a

</td>

<td colspan="3">S

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠰ s

</td>

<td colspan="3">D

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠳ d

</td>

<td colspan="3">F

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠹ f

</td>

<td colspan="3">G

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠭ ɣ/g

</td>

<td colspan="3">H

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬ q/k

</td>

<td colspan="3">J

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠵ ǰ

</td>

<td colspan="3">K

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠺ g

</td>

<td colspan="3">L

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠯ l

</td>

<td colspan="3">;

︔

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="5">Enter

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4">Shift

</td>

<td colspan="3">\

</td>

<td colspan="3">Z

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠽ z

</td>

<td colspan="3">X

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠱ š

</td>

<td colspan="3">C

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠼ c

</td>

<td colspan="3">V

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠤ u

</td>

<td colspan="3">B

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪ b

</td>

<td colspan="3">N

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠨ n

</td>

<td colspan="3">M

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮ m

</td>

<td colspan="3">,

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠂

</td>

<td colspan="3">.

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠃

</td>

<td colspan="3">.

</td>

<td colspan="6">Shift

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="5">Ctrl

</td>

<td colspan="6">Alt

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="6">Alt

</td>

<td colspan="5">Ctrl

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shifted_layout">Shifted layout</h3></div>

</caption>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">~

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">1

!

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">2

⁈

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">3

⁉

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">4

—

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">5

%

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">6

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">7

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">᠊

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">8

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">9

(

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">0

)

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3" style="min-width: 3em">+

</td>

<td colspan="4">Backspace

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4">Tab

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">W

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠸ w

</td>

<td colspan="3">E

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠧ ē

</td>

<td colspan="3">R

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠿ ž

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">(...)

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">〈

</td>

<td colspan="3">(...)

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">〉

</td>

<td colspan="3">(...)

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">|

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="5">Caps

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">H

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠾ h

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">K

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠻ kh

</td>

<td colspan="3">L

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡀ lh

</td>

<td colspan="3">:

<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">᠄

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="5">Enter

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="4">Shift

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">Z

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡁ zh

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">C

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᡂ ch

</td>

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">N

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠩ ng

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="3">,

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">《

</td>

<td colspan="3">.

<span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">》

</td>

<td colspan="3">?

</td>

<td colspan="6">Shift

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="5">Ctrl

</td>

<td colspan="6">Alt

</td>

</td>

<td colspan="6">Alt

</td>

<td colspan="5">Ctrl

</td></tr></tbody></table>

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<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Mongolian writing systems</a>

<ul><li>Mongolian script

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_script_multigraphs" title="Mongolian script multigraphs">Mongolian script multigraphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Todo alphabet</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a>

<ul><li><a href="Horizontal_square_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal square script">Horizontal square script</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo script</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Latin_alphabet" title="Mongolian Latin alphabet">Mongolian Latin alphabet</a>

<ul><li><a href="SASM/GNC_romanization#Mongolian" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC romanization § Mongolian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_transliteration_of_Chinese_characters" title="Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters">Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters</a>

<ul><li>Sino–Mongolian Transliterations</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian Braille</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian Sign Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian name</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> In Mongolian script: <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ⟨ ⟩ mongɣol bičig; in <a href="Mongolian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet">Mongolian Cyrillic</a>: Khalkha: монгол бичиг mongol bichig [ˈmɔɴɢɜɮ ˈpiʰt͡ɕɪ̥k]

</li>

/ˈhʊdəm ˈmɒŋɡəl ˈbɪtʃɪɡ/; in Mongolian script: <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠬᠤᠳᠤᠮ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:middle;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ qudum mongɣol bičig; <a href="Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha</a>: Khalkha: худам монгол бичиг, khudam mongol bichig [ˈχʊt(ə)m ˈmɔɴɢɜɮ ˈpiʰt͡ɕɪ̥k]; <a href="Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a>: Худам Монгол бэшэг, Hudam Mongol bèšèg; <a href="Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a>: Хуудм Моңһл бичг, Huudm Mon̦ḥl bičg

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠤᠶᠢᠭᠤᠷᠵᠢᠨ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ uyiɣurǰin mongɣol bičig (Khalkha: уйгар/уйгаржин/уйгуржин монгол бичиг/үсэг uigar/uigarjin/uigurjin mongol bichig/üseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ qaɣučin bičig (Khalkha: хуучин бичиг khuuchin bichig)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠨᠡ/<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠨ᠎ᠡ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ sine/sin‑e bičig (Khalkha: шинэ үсэг shine üseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠤᠳᠤᠮ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ qudum mongɣol bičig (Khalkha: худам монгол бичиг khudam mongol bichig)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠲᠣᠳᠣ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ/<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠦᠰᠦᠭ todo bičig/üsüg (Khalkha: тод бичиг/үсэг tod bichig/üseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠣᠱᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ bošuɣ-a bičig (Khalkha: босоо бичиг bosoo bichig)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> In digital typesetting, this shaping is achieved by inserting a U+180E ᠎ MONGOLIAN VOWEL SEPARATOR (<code>MVS</code>) between the separated letters.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> In digital typesetting, this shaping is achieved by inserting a U+202F   <a href="Non-breaking_space#Width_variation" title="Non-breaking space">NARROW NO-BREAK SPACE</a> (<code>NNBSP</code>) between the separated letters.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Examples of such include: (dotless š) gšan 'moment' (), gkir 'dirt' (), or bodisdv '<a href="Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a>' ().<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 15, 32 <a href="#cite_note-Grønbech1993-32">[24]</a>: 9 <a href="#cite_note-Lessing1960-42">[32]</a>: 385

</li>

<li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Transliterations have been normalized according to this article's letter tables. Loan consonants are shown in parentheses.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-transl-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-transl_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-transl_48-1">b</a> Scholarly/Scientific transliteration.<a href="#cite_note-EKIMn2006-47">[35]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Used in Inner Mongolia, and always followed by i. Only used to transcribe the Mandarin Chinese retroflex r, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5" class="extiw external" title="wikt:日">日</a>; rì: <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠿᠢ.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-voiced_continuant-58"><a href="#cite_ref-voiced_continuant_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeZee2003">Lee & Zee (2003)</a> harvp error: no target: CITEREFLeeZee2003 (help) and <a href="#CITEREFLin2007">Lin (2007)</a> harvp error: no target: CITEREFLin2007 (help) transcribe these as approximants, while <a href="#CITEREFDuanmu2007">Duanmu (2007)</a> harvp error: no target: CITEREFDuanmu2007 (help) transcribes these as voiced fricatives. The actual pronunciation has been acoustically measured to be more approximant-like.<a href="#cite_note-StudyMn2013-50">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[41]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Only used in Tibetan loanwords to represent ལྷ syllables, as in <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡀᠠᠰᠠ <a href="Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> or <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠠᡀᠠ dalha 'enemy gods'.<a href="#cite_note-59">[42]</a>: 31, 427, 432 <a href="#cite_note-Bawden2013-26">[18]</a>: 121 Treated as a separate letter due to representing an independent <a href="Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>, but can be analysed as a digraph of <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠯ‍ (l) and <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">‍ᠾ‍ (h) (noting the latter is in medial position).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Used in Inner Mongolia, and always followed by i. Only used to transcribe the Mandarin Chinese retroflex zh, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8B" class="extiw external" title="wikt:之">之</a>; zhī: <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡁᠢ. Takes the form of medial h, but used in initial position.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Used in Inner Mongolia, and always followed by i. Only used to transcribe the Mandarin Chinese retroflex ch, as in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%9A%A9" class="extiw external" title="wikt:蚩">蚩</a>; chī: <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡂᠢ.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠢᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> birɣ‑a (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:бярга">бярга</a> byarga)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠡᠭ čeg (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:цэг">цэг</a> tseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠡᠭ dabqur čeg (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:давхар">давхар</a> цэг davkhar tseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠡᠭ dörbelǰin čeg (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B2%D3%A9%D0%BB#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:дөрвөл">дөрвөл</a>жин цэг dörvöljin tseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠤᠪᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ/<span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠤᠪᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠡᠭ čubaɣ‑a/čubuɣ‑a čeg (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B0#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:цуваа">цуваа</a> цэг tsuvaa tseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠡᠷᠭᠡᠴᠡᠭᠡ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠡᠭ ǰergečege čeg (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:зэрэг">зэрэг</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%8D#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:-цээ">цээ</a> цэг zeregtsee tseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠣᠣᠰ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠡᠭ qoos čeg (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%81#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:хос">хос</a> цэг khos tseg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruɣu (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:нуруу">нуруу</a> nuruu)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Mongolian: <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> ǰirulɣ‑a / Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:зурлага">зурлага</a> zurlaga

</li>

<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠴᠤᠭ ačuɣ (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:ацаг">ацаг</a> atsag) or <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠳᠦ sidü (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D2%AF%D0%B4#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:шүд">шүд</a> shüd)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠲᠢᠲᠢᠮ titim (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:титэм">тит(и/э)м</a> tit(i/e)m)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruɣu (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:нуруу">нуруу</a> nuruu)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ segül (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:сүүл">сүүл</a> süül)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ boɣuni segül (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:богино">богино</a>/<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:богонь">богонь</a> сүүл bogino/bogoni süül)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠴᠠ orkiča (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%86#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:орхиц">орхиц</a> orkhits)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠴᠠᠴᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> čačulɣ‑a (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:цацлага">цацлага</a> tsatslaga)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡ degege (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%8D#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:дэгээ">дэгээ</a> degee)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ silbi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8D#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:шилбэ">шилбэ</a> shilbe)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ siluɣun silbi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:шулуун">шулуун</a> шилбэ shuluun shilbe)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠤᠷᠲᠤ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠳᠦ urtu sidü (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:урт">урт</a> шүд urt shüd)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠡᠭᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ egeteger silbi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D1%8D%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D1%8D%D1%80#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:ээтгэр">э(э)тгэр</a> шилбэ e(e)tger shilbe)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ mataɣar silbi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:матгар">матгар</a> шилбэ matgar shilbe)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠰᠦᠲᠡᠢ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ örgesütei silbi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A9%D1%81#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:өргөс">өргөс</a>тэй шилбэ örgöstei shilbe)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠭᠣᠭᠴᠤᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ ɣoɣčuɣatai silbi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%BE#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:гогцоо">гогцоо</a>той шилбэ gogtsootoi shilbe)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠢ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ köndei silbi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:хөндий">хөндий</a> шилбэ khöndii shilbe)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠨᠤᠮᠤ numu (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:нум">нум</a> num)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦ gedesü (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:гэдэс">гэдэс</a> gedes)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠷᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> aru‑yin gedesü (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%80#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ар">ар</a>ын гэдэс aryn gedes)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> [...] (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:ятгар">ятгар</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:зартиг">зартиг</a> yatgar zartig)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠡ geǰige (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B3#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:гэзэг">гэзэг</a> gezeg)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠡᠪᠡᠷ eber (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:эвэр">эвэр</a> ever)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠵᠢ ǰabaǰi (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B6#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:завж">зав(и/ь)ж</a> zavij)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠡᠪᠡᠷ serege eber (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:сэрээ">сэрээ</a> эвэр seree ever)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠴᠠ ača (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%B0%D1%86#Mongolian" class="extiw external" title="wikt:ац">ац</a> ats)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> [...] (Khalkha: жалжгар эвэр jaljgar ever)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠭ᠎ᠠ<a href="#Unicode">⟨?⟩</a> soyuɣ‑a (Khalkha: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mn:%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BE#Монголоор" class="extiw external" title="wikt:mn:соёо">соёо</a> soyoo)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <span lang="mn-Mong" class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠵᠠᠷᠲᠢᠭ ǰartiɣ (Khalkha: зартиг zartig <a href="Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: 'jar-thig)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> "Little" <a href="Altan_Tobchi" title="Altan Tobchi">Altan Tobchi</a> 'Golden Summary'<a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 74 <a href="#cite_note-Sanders2010-24">[16]</a>: 415

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="Bodhisattvacary%C4%81vat%C4%81ra" title="Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra">Bodhicaryāvatāra</a> 'The Journey to Enlightenment' commentary<a href="#cite_note-112">[54]</a>: 394 <a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 193 <a href="#cite_note-Svantesson2005-36">[27]</a>: 126 <a href="#cite_note-113">[55]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="Golden_Light_Sutra" title="Golden Light Sutra">Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra</a> or altan gerel kemekü yeke kölgen sudur orošibai 'The Mahāyāna sūtra called the Golden Ray'<a href="#cite_note-Poppe1974-6">[4]</a>: 125

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Also čaɣšbd or čaɣšabad.<a href="#cite_note-Kara2005-44">[33]</a>: 95, 95

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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<li id="cite_note-Daniels1996-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Daniels1996_4-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFDanielsBright1996" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ospMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA545">The World's Writing Systems</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-507993-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChristian1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="David_Christian_(historian)" title="David Christian (historian)">Christian, David</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YLQW5lUajgkC&pg=PA398">A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire</a>. Wiley. p. 398. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-631-20814-3</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Poppe1974-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppe1974_6-17">r</a> <cite id="CITEREFPoppe1974" class="citation book cs1">Poppe, Nicholas (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poppegrammarofwrittenmongolian1974/page/n1/mode/1up">Grammar of Written Mongolian</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-447-00684-2</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Kara2-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2_7-1">b</a> György Kara, "Aramaic Scripts for Altaic Languages", in Daniels & Bright <a href="The_World's_Writing_Systems" title="The World's Writing Systems">The World's Writing Systems</a>, 1994.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Shepherd2013-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd2013_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shepherd2013_8-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFShepherd2013" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, Margaret (2013-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UZhGza8C77kC&pg=PT419">Learn World Calligraphy: Discover African, Arabic, Chinese, Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, Indian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Russian, Thai, Tibetan Calligraphy, and Beyond</a>. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8230-8230-8</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Berkwitz2009-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Berkwitz2009_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBerkwitzSchoberBrown2009" class="citation book cs1">Berkwitz, Stephen C.; Schober, Juliane; Brown, Claudia (2009-01-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KvsLBf3jISAC&pg=PA80">Buddhist Manuscript Cultures: Knowledge, Ritual, and Art</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-00242-9</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Chinggeltei. (1963) A Grammar of the Mongol Language. New York, Frederick Ungar Publishing Co. p. 15.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2020-03/19/content_75834583.htm">"Mongolia to promote usage of traditional script"</a>. China.org.cn (March 19, 2020).</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.montsame.mn/en/read/219358">Official documents to be recorded in both scripts from 2025</a>, Montsame, 18 March 2020.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongolia.gogo.mn/r/146942">Mongolian Language Law is effective from July 1st</a>, Gogo, 1 July 2015. "Misinterpretation 1: Use of cyrillic is to be terminated and only Mongolian script to be used. There is no provision in the law that states the termination of use of cyrillic. It clearly states that Mongolian script is to be added to the current use of cyrillic. Mongolian script will be introduced in stages and state and local government is to conduct their correspondence in both cyrillic and Mongolian script. This provision is to be effective starting January 1st of 2025. ID, <a href="Birth_certificate" title="Birth certificate">birth certificate</a>, <a href="Marriage_certificate" title="Marriage certificate">marriage certificate</a> and education certificates are to be both in Mongolian cyrillic and Mongolian script and currently Mongolian script is being used in official letters of President, Prime Minister and Speaker of Parliament."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREF藍美華" class="citation journal cs1">藍美華. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312215123/https://ws.mac.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMjk1L2NrZmlsZS85ZDc1NjVlMi00NGY0LTRhNDgtYjkwZC1iMWVmMDAzN2U2YjcucGRm&n=5Zub44CB6JeN576O6I%2BvLS3ov5HmnJ%2Flhafokpnlj6TmvKLoqp7mlZnmnZDmipfniK3kuovku7bop4Dlr58ucGRm">"近期內蒙古漢語教材抗爭事件觀察"</a>. ws.mac.gov.tw. <a href="Mainland_Affairs_Council" title="Mainland Affairs Council">Mainland Affairs Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ws.mac.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvMjk1L2NrZmlsZS85ZDc1NjVlMi00NGY0LTRhNDgtYjkwZC1iMWVmMDAzN2U2YjcucGRm&n=5Zub44CB6JeN576O6I%2BvLS3ov5HmnJ%2Flhafokpnlj6TmvKLoqp7mlZnmnZDmipfniK3kuovku7bop4Dlr58ucGRm">the original</a> on 2021-03-12. Retrieved 2023-01-19.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCaodaobateer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Caodaobateer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/1-4020-8039-5_16">"The Use and Development of Mongol and its Writing Systems in China"</a>. Language Policy in the People's Republic of China. Language Policy. 4. Dordrecht: 289–302. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F1-4020-8039-5_16">10.1007/1-4020-8039-5_16</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-4020-8038-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHsiao-ting_Lin" class="citation web cs1">Hsiao-ting Lin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ru4.ilovetranslation.com/jhLk6JJ3SWl=d/">"Ethnopolitics in modern China: the Nationalists, Muslims, and Mongols in wartime Alashaa Banner (1937–1945)"</a>. Stanford, CA, US: Hoover Institution, Stanford University.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHerschAndreBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Hersch, Roger; Andre, Jacques; Brown, Heather (1998-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bo453EDNBp4C&pg=PA308">EP '98</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-64298-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Sanders2010-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders2010_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders2010_24-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSanders2010" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C">Historical Dictionary of Mongolia</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8108-7452-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Janhunen2012-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen2012_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janhunen2012_25-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2012" class="citation book cs1">Janhunen, Juha A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAlwcg9ioPMC">Mongolian</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-272-3820-7</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bawden2013-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bawden2013_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bawden2013_26-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBawden2013" class="citation book cs1">Bawden, Charles (2013-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cULYAQAAQBAJ">Mongolian English Dictionary</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-136-15588-8</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sanders2015-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders2015_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders2015_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders2015_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders2015_27-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFBat-IreeduiSanders2015" class="citation book cs1">Bat-Ireedui, Jantsangiyn; Sanders, Alan J. K. (2015-08-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbhgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211">Colloquial Mongolian: The Complete Course for Beginners</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-317-30598-9</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarzluf2017" class="citation book cs1">Marzluf, Phillip P. (2017-11-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2To8DwAAQBAJ">Language, Literacy, and Social Change in Mongolia: Traditionalist, Socialist, and Post-Socialist Identities</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4985-3486-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MnToli-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MnToli_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MnToli_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MnToli_29-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongoltoli.mn/dictionary/">"Mongolian State Dictionary"</a>. mongoltoli.mn (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2017-12-14.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Manchu-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manchu_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manchu_30-1">b</a> by <a href="Manchu_language#Phonology" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> convention

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Yinyang-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yinyang_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yinyang_31-1">b</a> in Inner Mongolia.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Grønbech1993-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grønbech1993_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grønbech1993_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grønbech1993_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grønbech1993_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grønbech1993_32-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grønbech1993_32-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFGrønbechKrueger1993" class="citation book cs1">Grønbech, Kaare; Krueger, John Richard (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YanEBJXGRMC">An Introduction to Classical (literary) Mongolian: Introduction, Grammar, Reader, Glossary</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-447-03298-8</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bilig2011-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bilig2011_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bilig2011_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bilig2011_33-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w.colips.org/journals/volume21/21.1.3-Biligsaikhan.pdf">"A Study of Traditional Mongolian Script Encodings and Rendering: Use of Unicode in OpenType fonts"</a> (PDF). w.colips.org. Retrieved 9 November 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CJVLang2013-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CJVLang2013_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CJVLang2013_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CJVLang2013_34-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cjvlang.com/Writing/writmongol/index.html">"Mongolian Traditional Script"</a>. cjvlang.com. Retrieved 2017-12-07.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Svantesson2005-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svantesson2005_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svantesson2005_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svantesson2005_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svantesson2005_36-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svantesson2005_36-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFSvantessonTsendinaKarlssonFranzen2005" class="citation book cs1">Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hQVREAAAQBAJ">The Phonology of Mongolian</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-151461-6</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-UCCoreSpec-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UCCoreSpec_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCCoreSpec_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCCoreSpec_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCCoreSpec_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCCoreSpec_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UCCoreSpec_37-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ch13.pdf">"The Unicode® Standard Version 10.0 – Core Specification: South and Central Asia-II"</a> (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 3 December 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EKIMn2015-38"><a href="#cite_ref-EKIMn2015_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblcmg2.pdf">"Mongolian / ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ Moŋġol"</a> (PDF). www.eki.ee. Retrieved 2017-11-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LinguaMnGrammar-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LinguaMnGrammar_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LinguaMnGrammar_39-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFViklund" class="citation web cs1">Viklund, Andreas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222230456/http://www.linguamongolia.com/gram1.html">"Lingua Mongolia – Mongolian Grammar"</a>. www.linguamongolia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguamongolia.com/gram1.html">the original</a> on 2017-12-22. Retrieved 2017-12-13.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Suffixes-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Suffixes_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17036-mongolian-suffix.pdf">"PROPOSAL Encode Mongolian Suffix Connector (U+180F) To Replace Narrow Non-Breaking Space (U+202F)"</a> (PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Lessing1960-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing1960_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing1960_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing1960_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lessing1960_42-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFLessing1960" class="citation book cs1">Lessing, Ferdinand (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/mong/Lessing.pdf">Mongolian-English Dictionary</a> (PDF). University of California Press.</cite> Note that this dictionary uses the transliterations c, ø, x, y, z, ai, and ei; instead of č, ö, q, ü, ǰ, ayi, and eyi;: xii as well as problematically and incorrectly treats all rounded vowels (o/u/ö/ü) after the initial syllable as u or ü.<a href="#cite_note-74">[45]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Kara2005-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kara2005_44-9">j</a> <cite id="CITEREFKara2005" class="citation book cs1">Kara, György (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cSlkAAAAMAAJ">Books of the Mongolian Nomads: More Than Eight Centuries of Writing Mongolian</a>. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-933070-52-3</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Luvsandorj2008-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luvsandorj2008_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luvsandorj2008_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luvsandorj2008_46-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFJugder2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jugder, Luvsandorj (2008). Vacek, Jaroslav; Oberfalzerová, Alena (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uas.ff.cuni.cz/wp-content/uploads/sites/63/2019/05/MongolicaPragensia08-1.pdf">"Diacritic marks in the Mongolian script and the 'darkness of confusion of letters'"</a> (PDF). Mongolo-Tibetica Pragensia '08. 1 (1). Prague: Stanislav Juhaňák – TRITON: 45–98. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1803-5647">1803-5647</a>. Retrieved 2024-08-29 – via Institute of Asian Studies, Charles University.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EKIMn2006-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EKIMn2006_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EKIMn2006_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EKIMn2006_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EKIMn2006_47-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Mongolian.pdf">"Mongolian transliterations"</a> (PDF). <a href="Institute_of_the_Estonian_Language" title="Institute of the Estonian Language">Institute of the Estonian Language</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Skorodumova2000-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skorodumova2000_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skorodumova2000_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skorodumova2000_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skorodumova2000_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skorodumova2000_49-4">e</a> <cite id="CITEREFSkorodumova2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skorodumova, L. G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://altaica.ru/manuals/skorodumova_staromong.pdf">Vvedenie v staropismenny mongolskiy yazyk <bdi lang="ru">Введение в старописьменный монгольский язык</bdi></a> (PDF) (in Russian). Muravey-Gayd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>5-8463-0015-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-StudyMn2013-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StudyMn2013_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StudyMn2013_50-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studymongolian.net/lessons/basics/writing/">"Writing | Study Mongolian"</a>. www.studymongolian.net. August 2013. Retrieved 2017-12-14.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChuluunbaatar2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chuluunbaatar, Otgonbayar (2008). Einführung in die mongolischen Schriften (in German). Buske. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-87548-500-4</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWu2022" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Jiaye (2022). "Teaching Mandarin Pronunciation to Mongolian Learners in Early Republican Period China: The Case of the Mongolian Han Original Sounds of the Five Regions". In Nicola McLelland and Hui Zhao (ed.). Language Standardization and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts. Multilingual Matters. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-80041-155-5</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-BabelStone-55"><a href="#cite_ref-BabelStone_55-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babelstone.co.uk/Mongolian/Resources.html">"BabelStone: Mongolian and Manchu Resources"</a>. BabelStone (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-07-11.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLee-Kim2014" class="citation cs2">Lee-Kim, Sang-Im (2014), "Revisiting Mandarin 'apical vowels': An articulatory and acoustic study", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 44 (3): 261–282, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025100314000267">10.1017/s0025100314000267</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16432272">16432272</a></cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEven1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Even, Marie-Dominique (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKAoIBi3NsgC">Chants de chamanes mongols</a> (in French). SEMS.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Shagdarsueren2001-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shagdarsueren2001_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shagdarsueren2001_63-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFShagdarsürüng,_Tseveliin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Shagdarsürüng, Tseveliin (2001). "Study of Mongolian Scripts (Graphic Study or Grammatology). Enl". Bibliotheca Mongolica: Monograph 1.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060309113052/http://www.mongolbank.mn/oldcoins.htm">"Coins"</a>. Bank of Mongolia. 2006-03-09. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongolbank.mn/oldcoins.htm">the original</a> on 2006-03-09. Retrieved 2022-08-31.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collab.its.virginia.edu/wiki/tibetan-script/Mongolian%20Transliteration%20&%20Transcription.html">"Mongolian Transliteration & Transcription"</a>. collab.its.virginia.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-26.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Sanders2003-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders2003_75-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSanders2003" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Alan (2003-04-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5umNthHltQC">Historical Dictionary of Mongolia</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8108-6601-0</bdi>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Clauson2005-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clauson2005_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clauson2005_76-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFClauson2005" class="citation book cs1">Clauson, Gerard (2005-11-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8O-BAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">Studies in Turkic and Mongolic Linguistics</a>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-134-43012-3</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-LinguaMnScript2011-77"><a href="#cite_ref-LinguaMnScript2011_77-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguamongolia.com/The%20Mongolian%20Script.pdf">"The Mongolian Script"</a> (PDF). Lingua Mongolia.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMongol_Times2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mongol Times (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/MongolTimes/monggul-bichig-un-job-bichihu-juiyin-toli">"Monggul bichig un job bichihu jui-yin toli"</a> (in Mongolian).</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bolorsoft2018-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Bolorsoft2018_79-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18101-mwg2-3-graphetic-analysis.pdf">"Analysis of the graphetic model and improvements to the current model"</a> (PDF). www.unicode.org. Retrieved 2020-08-13.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGehrke" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gehrke, Munkho. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mongol-bichig.dusal.net/49/zurlaga.html">"Монгол бичгийн зурлага :|: Монгол бичиг"</a>. mongol-bichig.dusal.net (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2019-04-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mongolfont.com/mn/grammer/jirvlga.html">"ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠯᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠠ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠦ ᠨᠡᠷᠡᠢᠳᠦᠯ – ᠮᠤᠩᠭᠤᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ"</a>. www.mongolfont.com (in Mongolian). Retrieved 2019-04-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de/cal-details/images/Exploring_Mongolian_Manuscript_Collections_in_Russia_and_Beyond.pdf">"Exploring Mongolian Manuscript Collections in Russia and Beyond"</a> (PDF). www.manuscript-cultures.uni-hamburg.de. Retrieved 2019-07-17.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBosworth1992" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELrRr0L8UOsC">History of Civilizations of Central Asia</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-208-1596-4</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mth-mxsb.com/product_detail-7.html">"Huíhú shì ménggǔ wén wénxiàn wǎng" <bdi lang="zh">回鹘式蒙古文文献网</bdi></a> [Uyghur Mongolian Document Network]. 中世纪蒙古文文献网 (in Chinese). Retrieved 2025-03-02.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKara2009" class="citation book cs1">Kara, Györgi (2009-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jt55DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67">Dictionary of Sonom Gara's Erdeni-yin Sang: A Middle Mongol Version of the Tibetan Sa skya Legs bshad. Mongol - English - Tibetan</a>. BRILL. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-90-04-18224-0</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLiang2017" class="citation web cs1">Liang, Hai (23 Sep 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615151834/https://www.unicode.org/~lisa/mongoliandocs/mwg2-12Currentproblems-LiangHai.pdf">"Current problems in the Mongolian encoding"</a> (PDF). Unicode. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/~lisa/mongoliandocs/mwg2-12Currentproblems-LiangHai.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnderson2018" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Debbie (22 Sep 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2018/18314-mongolian-ad-hoc.pdf">"Mongolian Ad Hoc meeting summary"</a> (PDF). Unicode.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMoore2019" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Lisa (27 Mar 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/~lisa/mongolianwg3docs/mwg3-13SummaryOfMWG2GoalsForMWG3R3.pdf">"Summary of MWG2 Outcomes and Goals for MWG3 Meeting"</a> (PDF). Unicode.Org.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFjowilco2023" class="citation web cs1">jowilco (22 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/globalization/windows-keyboard-layouts">"Windows keyboard layouts - Globalization"</a>. Windows keyboard layouts. Retrieved 2023-09-02.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mongolian_script" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboards_Mongolian_script_layout_online">Keyboards Mongolian script layout online</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/mongolian_bichig.htm">Lexilogos</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.typingbaba.com/keyboard/online-mongolian-keyboard.php">Typingbaba</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.branah.com/mongolian">Branah.com</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summaries">Summaries</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istb.univie.ac.at/mongol/grammar/poppe/popindex.htm">University of Vienna: Grammar of Written Mongolian by Nicholas POPPE Index</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cjvlang.com/Writing/writmongol/mongolalpha.html">CJVlang: Making Sense of the Traditional Mongolian Script</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studymongolian.net/lessons/basics/writing/">StudyMongolian: Written forms with audio pronunciation</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.viahistoria.com/SilverHorde/main.html?research/MongolScripts.html">The Silver Horde: Mongol Scripts</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linguamongolia.com/">Lingua Mongolia: Uighur-script Mongolian Resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319200601/http://www.linguamongolia.com/">Archived</a> 2022-03-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm">Omniglot: Mongolian Alphabet</a> (contains several table inaccuracies regarding glyphs and transliterations)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3></div>

<ul><li>(fr) Rémusat, Abel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aG5nAAAAcAAJ">Récherches sur les langues tartares</a>, Paris, 1820</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammars">Grammars</h3></div>

<ul><li>(ru) Schmidt, Isaak Jakob, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grammatikamongol00schm/page/n5/mode/2up">Грамматика монгольскaго языка (Grammatika mongolʹskago i︠a︡zyka)</a>, Saint-Petersburg, 1832</li>

<li>(ru) Bobrovnikov, Aleksieĭ Aleksandrovich <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7c9AAAAYAAJ">Грамматика монгольско-калмыцкого языка (Grammatika mongolʹsko-kalmyt͡skago i͡azyka)</a>, Kazan, 1849</li>

<li>(de) Schmidt, Isaak Jakob, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_qtMzxWTKkeQC/page/n5/mode/2up">Grammatik der mongolischen Sprache</a>, St. Petersburg, 1831</li>

<li>(fr) Soulié, Charles Georges, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lmentsdegrammai00soulgoog/page/n9/mode/2up">Éléments de grammaire mongole (dialecte ordoss)</a>, Paris, 1903</li>

<li>(it) Puini, Carlo, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puini-elementi-della-grammatica-mongolica-1878/page/n7/mode/2up">Elementi della grammatica mongolica</a>, Firenze, 1878</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h3></div>

<ul><li>(fr, ru) Kovalevskiĭ, Osip Mikhaĭlovich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.it/search?hl=it&tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=bibliogroup:%22Dictionnaire+mongol-russe-franca%CC%A7is%22">Dictionnaire Mongol-Russe-Franca̧is</a>, Volumes 1–3, Kazan 1844-46-49</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bolor-toli.com/">Bolor Dictionary</a> (sometimes uses galik characters for rendering purposes)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongoltoli.mn/dictionary/">Mongol toli dictionary: state dictionary of Mongolia</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transliteration">Transliteration</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collab.its.virginia.edu/wiki/tibetan-script/Transliteration%20Schemes%20for%20Mongolian%20Vertical%20Script.html">University of Virginia: Transliteration Schemes For Mongolian Vertical Script</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushuaia.pl/transliterate/?ln=en">Online tool for Mongolian script transliteration</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trans.mglip.com/EnglishC2T.aspx">Automatic converter for Traditional Mongolian and Cyrillic Mongolian by the Computer College of Inner Mongolia University</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasia.city.yokohama.jp/olonsume/index-E.html">Mongolian Manuscripts from Olon Süme – Yokohama Museum of EurAsian Cultures</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kb.dk/en/nb/samling/os/central/digcentral.html">Digitised Mongolian manuscripts – The Royal Library</a>, National Library of Denmark</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turfan.bbaw.de/dta/monght/dta_monght_index.htm">Mongolian texts – Digitales Turfan-Archiv</a>, the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP890">Preservation of unique and historic newspapers printed in traditional Mongolian script between 1936–1945 – Endangered Archives Programme, British Library</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mongol.people.com.cn/">Official Mongolian script version of the People's Daily Online</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.mn/mng/">Office of the President of Mongolia</a> website in Mongolian script</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTang2020" class="citation web cs1">Tang, Didi (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/world/russia-ukraine-war/article/mongolia-abandons-soviet-past-by-restoring-alphabet-rsvcgqmxd">"Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet"</a>. <a href="The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2020.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li>

<li><a href="Boyd's_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li>

<li><a href="Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li>

<li><a href="Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li>

<li><a href="Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>

<li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li>

<li><a href="Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaddare_script" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>

<li><a href="Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>

<li><a href="Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li>

<li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmanya_script" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li>

<li><a href="Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li>

<li><a href="Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li>

<li><a href="Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li>

<li><a href="Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li>

<li><a href="Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li>

<li><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li>

<li><a href="Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li>

<li><a href="Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>

<li><a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>

<li><a href="Man'y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></li>

<li><a href="International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French-ordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</li>

<li><a href="Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></li>

<li><a href="German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></li>

<li><a href="Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</li>

<li><a href="Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</li>

<li><a href="Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></li>

<li><a href="Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a>

<ul><li>Danish</li>

<li>Finnish</li>

<li>Greenlandic</li>

<li><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></li>

<li>Norwegian</li>

<li>Swedish</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family i.e. <a href="Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family i.e. <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family i.e. <a href="Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ge'ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</li>

<li><a href="Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</li>

<li><a href="Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Chinese semi-syllabaries

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</li>

<li><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></li>

<li><a href="Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></li>

<li><a href="Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li>

<li><a href="Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></li>

<li><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li>

<li><a href="Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></li>

<li><a href="Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></li>

<li><a href="Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></li>

<li><a href="Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></li>

<li><a href="Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></li>

<li>Blindness organizations</li>

<li>Schools for the blind</li>

<li><a href="American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Mongolia93" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages_of_Mongolia93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Languages_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mongolia">Languages of Mongolia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li>

<li><a href="Darkhad_dialect" title="Darkhad dialect">Darkhad</a></li>

<li><a href="Dukhan_language" title="Dukhan language">Dukhan</a></li>

<li><a href="Evenki_language" title="Evenki language">Evenki</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li>

<li><a href="Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li>

<li><a href="Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="English_language" title="English language">English</a></li>

<li><a href="French_language" title="French language">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian Sign Language</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolic_languages185" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mongolic_languages185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary Mongolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Buryat–Mongolian

<ul><li><a href="Buryat_language" title="Buryat language">Buryat</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha</a></li>

<li><a href="Oirat_language" title="Oirat language">Oirat</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alasha_dialect" title="Alasha dialect">Alasha</a></li>

<li><a href="Darkhad_dialect" title="Darkhad dialect">Darkhad</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalmyk_Oirat" title="Kalmyk Oirat">Kalmyk</a>

<ul><li><a href="Torgut_Oirat" title="Torgut Oirat">Torgut</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sart_Kalmyk_language" title="Sart Kalmyk language">Sart Kalmyk</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">Peripheral Mongolian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Baarin_Mongolian" title="Baarin Mongolian">Baarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakhar_Mongolian" title="Chakhar Mongolian">Chakhar</a></li>

<li><a href="Khorchin_Mongolian" title="Khorchin Mongolian">Khorchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordos_Mongolian" title="Ordos Mongolian">Ordos</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Khamnigan_Mongol" title="Khamnigan Mongol">Khamnigan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Yugur_language" title="Eastern Yugur language">Eastern Yugur</a></li>

<li><a href="Shirongol_languages" title="Shirongol languages">Shirongolic</a>

<ul><li>Baoanic

<ul><li><a href="Bonan_language" title="Bonan language">Bonan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kangjia_language" title="Kangjia language">Kangjia</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_language" title="Santa language">Santa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Monguor_language" title="Monguor language">Monguor</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dagur_language" title="Dagur language">Dagur</a></li>

<li><a href="Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a></li>

<li><a href="Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Qoqmon%C4%8Daq_language" title="Qoqmončaq language">Qoqmončaq</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangwang_language" title="Tangwang language">Tangwang</a></li>

<li><a href="Wutun_language" title="Wutun language">Wutun</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Para-Mongolic_languages" title="Para-Mongolic languages">Para-Mongolic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi</a>

<li><a href="Khitan_language" title="Khitan language">Khitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuoba_language" title="Tuoba language">Tuoba</a></li>

<li><a href="Tuyuhun_language" title="Tuyuhun language">Tuyuhun</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mongolian_language#History" title="Mongolian language">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Proto-Mongolic_language" title="Proto-Mongolic language">Proto-Mongolic</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Mongol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Mongol language">Middle Mongol</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_Mongolian_language" title="Classical Mongolian language">Classical Mongolian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicate <a href="Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mongolia_articles555" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mongolia_articles555" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> <a href="Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Mongolian_history" title="Timeline of Mongolian history">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Prehistoric_Mongolia" title="Prehistoric Mongolia">Prehistoric Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Mongols" title="Proto-Mongols">Proto-Mongols</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li>

<li><a href="Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li>

<li><a href="Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern Turkic Khaganate</a></li>

<li><a href="Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_medieval_Mongol_tribes_and_clans" title="List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans">Medieval tribes</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Oirat" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Oirat">Four Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">1911 Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Bogd Khanate</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Chinese occupation</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Soviet intervention</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">1921 Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_People's_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">1990 Revolution</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_modern_Mongolia" title="History of modern Mongolia">Modern Mongolia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Mongolia" title="Geography of Mongolia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Borders</li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_in_Mongolia" title="List of cities in Mongolia">Cities</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_historical_cities_and_towns_of_Mongolia" title="List of historical cities and towns of Mongolia">Historical cities and towns</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Climate_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Mongolia">Climate</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_issues_in_Mongolia" title="Environmental issues in Mongolia">Environmental issues</a></li>

<li>Fauna

<ul><li><a href="List_of_birds_of_Mongolia" title="List of birds of Mongolia">Birds</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mammals_of_Mongolia" title="List of mammals of Mongolia">Mammals</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Flora</li>

<li><a href="Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian%E2%80%93Manchurian_grassland" title="Mongolian–Manchurian grassland">Grassland</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_lakes_of_Mongolia" title="List of lakes of Mongolia">Lakes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lake_Kh%C3%B6vsg%C3%B6l" title="Lake Khövsgöl">Khövsgöl</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_mountains_in_Mongolia" title="List of mountains in Mongolia">Mountains</a>

<ul><li><a href="Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a></li>

<li><a href="Khangai_Mountains" title="Khangai Mountains">Khangai</a></li>

<li><a href="Khentii_Mountains" title="Khentii Mountains">Khentii</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_national_parks_of_Mongolia" title="List of national parks of Mongolia">National parks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Mongolia" title="List of rivers of Mongolia">Rivers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Selenga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenga River">Selenga</a></li>

<li><a href="Orkhon_River" title="Orkhon River">Orkhon</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Politics_of_Mongolia" title="Politics of Mongolia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constitution_of_Mongolia" title="Constitution of Mongolia">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="State_Great_Khural" title="State Great Khural">State Great Khural (parliament)</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_Mongolia" title="President of Mongolia">President</a></li>

<li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Mongolia" title="Prime Minister of Mongolia">Prime Minister</a></li>

<li><a href="Government_of_Mongolia" title="Government of Mongolia">Government (cabinet)</a></li>

<li>Judiciary

<ul><li><a href="Supreme_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Supreme Court of Mongolia">Supreme Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_Court_of_Mongolia" title="Constitutional Court of Mongolia">Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia">Administrative divisions</a></li>

<li><a href="Elections_in_Mongolia" title="Elections in Mongolia">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Mongolia" title="Foreign relations of Mongolia">Foreign relations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Third_neighbor_policy" title="Third neighbor policy">Third neighbor policy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_Mongolia" title="Human rights in Mongolia">Human rights</a>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement_in_Mongolia" title="Law enforcement in Mongolia">Law enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Military</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chief_of_General_Staff_(Mongolia)" title="Chief of General Staff (Mongolia)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Mongolia" title="List of political parties in Mongolia">Political parties</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture_in_Mongolia" title="Agriculture in Mongolia">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Economy_of_Mongolia#Banks" title="Economy of Mongolia">Banking</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_companies_of_Mongolia" title="List of companies of Mongolia">Companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_Stock_Exchange" title="Mongolian Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_t%C3%B6gr%C3%B6g" title="Mongolian tögrög">Tögrög (currency)</a></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Tourism_in_Mongolia" title="Tourism in Mongolia">Tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_Mongolia" title="Transport in Mongolia">Transportation</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mongolia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mongolia">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demographics_of_Mongolia" title="Demographics of Mongolia">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>

<ul><li><a href="Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha</a></li>

<li><a href="Buryats" title="Buryats">Buryats</a></li>

<li><a href="Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongols" title="Mongols">Southern Mongols</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Mongolia" title="Education in Mongolia">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_in_Mongolia" title="Health in Mongolia">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="Prostitution_in_Mongolia" title="Prostitution in Mongolia">Prostitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_Mongolia" title="Public holidays in Mongolia">Public holidays</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Mongolians" title="List of Mongolians">List of Mongolians</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_trafficking_in_Mongolia" title="Sex trafficking in Mongolia">Sex trafficking</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_writing_systems" title="Mongolian writing systems">Writing systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_Mongolia" title="Architecture of Mongolia">Architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Biyelgee" title="Biyelgee">Biyelgee (dance)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinema_of_Mongolia" title="Cinema of Mongolia">Cinema</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li>

<li><a href="Goyol_Fashion_Festival" title="Goyol Fashion Festival">Goyol Fashion Festival</a></li>

<li><a href="Horse_culture_in_Mongolia" title="Horse culture in Mongolia">Horse culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_literature" title="Mongolian literature">Literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Media_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Mongolia">Media</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Naadam" title="Naadam">Naadam (festival)</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsagaan_Sar" title="Tsagaan Sar">Tsagaan Sar (New Year's Day)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sport_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Mongolia">Sport</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="Outline_of_Mongolia" title="Outline of Mongolia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="Index_of_Mongolia-related_articles" title="Index of Mongolia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inner_Mongolia_topics575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inner_Mongolia_topics575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Hohhot" title="Hohhot">Hohhot</a> (<a href="List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inner_Mongolia#History" title="Inner Mongolia">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Politics of Inner Mongolia">Politics</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Independence movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_Mongolia#Economy" title="Inner Mongolia">Economy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="List of administrative divisions of Inner Mongolia">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_cities_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">Cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Tengger_Desert" title="Tengger Desert">Tengger Desert</a></li>

<li><a href="Climate_of_Inner_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Inner Mongolia">Climate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="List of universities and colleges in Inner Mongolia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Inner_Mongolia_University" title="Inner Mongolia University">Inner Mongolia University</a></li>

<li><a href="Inner_Mongolia_Normal_University" title="Inner Mongolia Normal University">Inner Mongolia Normal University</a></li>

<li><a href="Chifeng_University" title="Chifeng University">Chifeng University</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Music_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Music of Inner Mongolia">Music of Inner Mongolia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian language</a> (<a href="Mongolian_language_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Mongolian language in Inner Mongolia">in Inner Mongolia</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Plain_Blue_Banner%2C_Inner_Mongolia" title="Plain Blue Banner, Inner Mongolia">Plain Blue Banner</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuisine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shiretu_Juu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiretu Juu">Shiretu Juu</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhaojun_Tomb" title="Zhaojun Tomb">Zhaojun Tomb</a></li>

<li><a href="Mausoleum_of_Genghis_Khan" title="Mausoleum of Genghis Khan">Mausoleum of Genghis Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexigten_Global_Geopark" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexigten Global Geopark">Hexigten Global Geopark</a></li>

<li><a href="Wanbu_Huayanjing_Pagoda" title="Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda">Wanbu Huayanjing Pagoda</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Inner_Mongolia" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Inner Mongolia">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-19" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Mongolian_script&oldid=1301382634">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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